Music Therapy and the Brain: Treating Cognitive Dysfunctions
Dr. Dale Taylor welcomes his music therapy colleagues to the discussion via an AMTA-Pro podcast about music therapy and the brain as it relates to treating clients with cognitive dysfunctions. The podcast focuses on principles of music therapy and the brain that are applicable to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in specific disease categories often encountered in music therapy. Dr. Taylor shares research and observations touching on four questions of musical influence: 1. Does music change neural impulse patterning in the brain? 2. Does music activate the whole brain? 3. Does music initiate or facilitate neural plasticity in the brain? 4. What music should be used with patients/clients with cognitive dysfunctions?
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Music Therapy and the Brain: Treating Cognitive Dysfunctions
AMTA-Pro Podcast
December, 2010
by
Dale Taylor, PhD, MT-BC
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Podcast Discussion Outline
1. Introduction to the discussion of music and the brain as related to treating clients with cognitive dysfunctions.
2. The Biomedical Theory of Music Therapy
- Definition and overview
- Five hypotheses (note: this podcasts focuses on hypothesis 1.)
- Hypothesis 1: Musical perception and participation stimulate the brain to organize incoming stimuli and to plan and execute corresponding behavior, thereby enhancing perceptual ability, cognitive processing, and interactive response capability.
3. The Brain, Cognition, and Music
- Definition and overview
- Disorders involving cognitive dysfunction addressed by music therapists
- Overview of several research papers focusing on the brain and music
4. Learning, Memory, and Cognition – Neuronal Plasticity
- Research demonstrating ability of music to facilitate neural plasticity
- Overview of research findings indicating active music making expands the brain
- Logan’s story by Mary Jane Dunlop, 2008
5. Patient Specific Music (PSM)
- What music should music therapists use to treat cognitive dysfunctions?
- Treatment planning using a brain-based music therapy approach
- Steps include: (1) Collect and examine known client diagnostic information. (2) Assess to determine behavior capabilities and limitations.(3) Formulate your working model of client ability and disability. (4) Reformulate your model according to client brain functioning. (5) Determine what therapeutic outcomes would indicate improved functioning in client behavior. (6) Determine what changes in brain functioning would lead to improved client behavior. (7) Determine musically stimulated behaviors utilize, require or develop those brain functions. (8) Determine what musical interventions involve use of those behaviors.(9) Assess what musical styles, instruments, songs and participation modes qualify as PSM. (10) Design the musical interventions selected in #8 above utilizing the PSM selected in #9. (11) Implement the planned interventions
REFERENCES
Altenmuller, E., Gruhn, W., Parlitz, D. & Kahrs, J. (1997). Music learning produces changes in brain activation patterns: A longitudinal DC-EEG study. International Journal of Arts Medicine, 5(1), 28-33.
Barber, B., McKenzie, S. & Helme, R. (1997). A study of brain electrical responses to music using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). International Journal of Arts Medicine, 5(2), 12-21.
Boyle, M. E. (1989). Comatose and head injured patients: Applications for music in treatment. In M. H. M. Lee (Ed.), Rehabilitation, Music and Human Well‑Being (pp. 137‑148). St. Louis: MMB Music, Inc.
Brain and Music, The. (2006). Children’s Music Workshop. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.childrensmusicworkshop.com/advocacy/brain.html
Carlson, N. R. (1992). Foundations of Physiological Psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Castren, E. (2005). Neuronal plasticity and mood disorder. Psychiatric Times, 22(11), Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/52621?pageNumber=2.
Cromie, W. (2001). Music on the brain: Researchers explore the biology of music. Harvard University Gazette, from http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/03.22/04-music.html
Genes Yield More Clues to Schizophrenia. (2007). US News and World Report, December 5, 2007.
Juslin, P., & Vastfjall, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(5), 559-575.
Iwanaga, M., & Moroki, Y. (1999). Subjective and physiological responses to music stimuli controlled over activity and preference. Journal of Music Therapy, 36, 26‑38.
Hirokawa, E., & Ohira, H. (2003). The effects of music listening after a stressful task on immune functions, neuroendocrine responses, and emotional states in college students. Journal of Music Therapy, 40(3), 189‑211.
Knox, R., Yokota-Adachi, H., Kershner, J., & Jutai, J. (2003). Musical attention training program and alternating attention in brain injury: An initial report. Music Therapy Perspectives, 21(2), 99-104.
Kovacevic, M. (1993). A new perspective of psycholinguistics: Prenatal language development. In Blum, T. (Ed.), Prenatal Perception, Learning and Bonding (pp. 331-360). Hong Kong: Leanardo Publishers.
Koelsch, S., Grossmann, T., Gunter, T., Hahne, A., Schroger, E., Friederici, A. (2003). Children processing music: Electric brain responses reveal musical competence and gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(5), 683-693.
Music lessons boost memory, brain function of children. (2006, September 21). Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.newstarget.com/020476.html
Natural News. (2006). Music lessons boost memory, brain function of children. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.newstarget.com/020476.html
Neurosciences Research Foundation, Inc. (2007.) http://www.nsi.edu/index.php?page=iv_neuronal_plasticity
Parente, A. B. (1989). Feeding the hungry soul: Music as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Music Therapy Perspectives, 6, 44-48.
Popescu M, Otsuka A, & Ioannides A. (2004). Dynamics of brain activity in motor and frontal cortical areas during music listening: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroimage, 21(4), 1622-1638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?PrId=3048&itool=AbstractPlus-def&uid=15050586&db=pubmed&url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811903007225
Taylor, D. B. (2008). The biomedical theory of music therapy. Introduction to Approaches in Music Therapy. 2nd ed. (pp. 105-127). Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association.
Taylor, D. B. (2010). Biomedical Foundations of Music as Therapy, 2nd edition. Eau Claire, WI: Barton Publications.
Walworth, D. D. (2003). The effect of preferred music genre selection versus preferred song selection on experimentally induced anxiety levels. Journal of Music Therapy, 40, 2-14.
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Wan, C., Demaine, K., Zipse, L., Norton, A., & Schlaug, G. (2010). From music making to speaking: Engaging the mirror neuron system in autism. Brain Research Bulletin, Retrieved May 19, 2010, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20433906?dopt=Abstract.
Wong, P., Skoe, E., Russo, N., Dees, T., & Kraus, T. (2007). Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 420-422.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dr. Dale Taylor is Professor Emeritus and founder of the Music Therapy Program at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. He has also served on the faculty of Alverno College in Milwaukee and was recently a Visiting Professor at Augsburg College in Minneapolis. Dr. Taylor is currently Chair of the Wisconsin Board on Aging and Long Term Care, and on the Board of the Wisconsin Quality Home Care Authority. In the past he has worked at county, state and private psychiatric facilities including the Milwaukee County Mental Health Center and the Menninger Foundation Hospital in Topeka Kansas. He has served as Editor of the International Journal of Arts Medicine, and he wrote the first historical research paper published by the Journal of Music Therapy. Dr. Taylor served as President of the Great Lakes Region, Chair of the NAMT Certification-Registration Committee, on the NAMT/AMTA Assembly of Delegates, and is currently a member of the AMTA International Relations Committee. Dr. Taylor has taught or spoken at Ohio University, the University of South Africa at Pretoria, the University of Melbourne Australia, and the University of Western Sydney. He has been a guest speaker at the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in New York City, the Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, the Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center of Chicago, Soongsil and Sookmyung Universities in Seoul, Korea, the University of Buenos Aires Law School and the University of El Salvador in Buenos Aires, the World Congress of Music Therapy, and the European Music Therapy Congress. Dr. Taylor was the opening speaker at the 2008 Mozart & Science Conference in Vienna, Austria.
Dr. Taylor can be contacted via email: [email protected] Information about the 2nd edition of Dr. Taylor’s book on the Biomedical Foundations of Music as Therapy is listed below.
BIOMEDICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC AS THERAPY
2nd Edition
by Dale B. Taylor, Ph.D., MT-BC
The 2010 edition of Biomedical Foundations of Music as Therapy covers years of investigations on music therapy and the brain. The new edition contains dozens of full color illustrations, a new chapter describing the research basis for the new hypothesis on cognition, Foreword by a Mayo Clinic College of Medicine neurologist, over twice as many pages as edition one due to volumes of new research, and numerous references to real applications of biomedical theory by practicing music therapists and educators. Presents a unifying theoretical basis for observed therapeutic effects of music by laying a scientific foundation for the thesis that the brain is the target organ for sensory input and the mediator of neural impulses that result in physical, emotional, and spiritual wellness. Describes the role of music therapy in pain management, anxiety reduction, critical care, burn units, oncology, obstetrics, pediatrics, surgery, treating eating disorders, behavior disorders, coronary care, traumatic brain injury, immune functions, cognitive disabilities, and enhancing human capabilities when addressing severe depression, developmental disorders and psychosis.
2010 – ISBN: 978-0-9778455-1-4, $29.95
Published by Barton Publications ~
Contact [email protected]